Marijuana Law Reform June 2010 (NORML)
Marijuana Law Reform June 2010 (NORML)
Posted 60 days ago

Some cool legal marijuana images:
Marijuana Law Reform June 2010 (NORML)

Image by madaise
Just discovered this map regarding the legal makes use of and future interests of marijuana use, etc. Not a…

Marijuana Law Reform June 2010 (NORML)
Who&#39s having a <b>Bud</b>?
Who's having a Bud?
Posted 102 days ago

Who's having a Bud?
Specialist legal teams are often embroiled in passing off rows, however, in the Budejovice v AB InBev dispute there is no international consensus over who is passing-off…

I, Anonymous Puff Puff Pass
I, Anonymous Puff Puff Pass
Posted 125 days ago

I, Anonymous Puff Puff Pass
If your buddy's pregnancy has caused her to become that seriously ill, then you're the jackass for dragging your sick buddy to a concert where you…

This is how we painted my whole closet
This is how we painted my whole closet
Posted 126 days ago

Some cool how to buy weed pictures:
This is how we painted my entire closet

Image by BaileyRaeWeaver
gail and I aren't those types ofpeople who really feel factors through just before we…

This is how we painted my whole closet
No Name 12/365
No Name 12/365
Posted 131 days ago

A few good marijuana names images I found:
No Name 12/365

Image by Tha Goodiez
We should name our pipe...
I'll recommend to the bf.
8th grade (1988) schoolwork - paper - Marijuana Should Be…

No Name 12/365
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Gordons LLP | Download newsletter
This newsletter consists of basic data based on English law, and while we make each and every work to make certain that the contents are correct and up to date, nothing at all in these pages need to be construed as legal guidance. Please contact us if you require guidance …
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A few nice facts about synthetic weed images I found:

Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris….Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ….#10
36171 facts about synthetic weed 7972099172 3eae8ff824 Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris....Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ....#10

Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Chụp hình ngày 8 – 9 – 2012 tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, thuộc miền Nam nước Mỹ
Cây được phát hiện mọc hoang ở vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc ven biển các tỉnh Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế và các tỉnh miền Nam.

Taken on Sept 8, 2012 in Waco city, Texas state, Southern of America.

Vietnamese named : Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Gai chống, Quỷ Kiến Sầu nhỏ.
Common names : Bindii, Bullhead, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Cat’s head, Devil’s eyelashes, Devil’s thorn, Devil’s weed,Goathead, Puncturevine,Tackweed.
Scientist name : Tribulus terrestris L.
Synonyms :
Family : Zygophyllaceae – Creosote-bush family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Sapindales
Genus : Tribulus L. – puncturevine
Species : Tribulus terrestris L. – puncturevine

**** www.tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:Gai_Ch%E1%B… : Dược sỉ Trần Việt Hưng
Viagra được xem là một viên thuốc đã đem đến một cuộc ‘cách mạng’ trong vấn đề sinh hoạt ‘tình dục’. Rất nhiều bài viết trên các tạp chí thông thường cũng như tập san chuyên môn đã đề cập đến Viagra. Tuy nhiên hiện vẫn còn câu hỏi được nhiều người chờ giải đáp là ‘có dược thảo nào thay thế được Viagra không?’. Trong tạp chí Natural Health số tháng 9-10 năm 1998, Rob Ivker D.O., khi trả lời bạn đọc trên mục "Man to Man" có đề cập đến 2 dược thảo Yohimbine, và ‘Puncture Vine’ hay Tribulus terrestris. Yohimbine là cây thuốc quen thuộc với giới Y-dược, nhưng Tribulus terrestris mới thật sự là cây thuốc đáng chú ý vì rất dễ tìm tại Việt Nam và quả thật có tác dụng không kém Viagra!

Tribulus terrestris, gia đình thực vật Zygophyllaceae được gọi tại Việt Nam là cây Gai Chống, cùng những tên khác như Bạch tật lê, Gai ma vương,Thích tật lê… Cây mọc rất phổ biến tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa, Việt Nam, vài vùng tại Âu châu và Nam Phi nơi những vùng đất hoang dại. Tên gọi tại Ấn Độ là Gokhru ( chữ Phạn = Gokshura). Tên Gokhru do ở hình dạng của quả giống như móng bò.

Tại Hoa Kỳ, cây được gọi dưới nhiều tên như Puncture vine, Abrojos, Caltrop, Cat’s-Head, Common Dubblejie, Devil’s-Thorn, Goathead, Nature’s Viagra (!). Tên Puncture Vine là do ở hạt của cây nhọn đến độ có thể làm xì lốp xe đạp.
Tại Việt Nam, Gai chống mọc hoang dại ở những vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc vùng ven biển từ miền Trung (Quảng Bình) xuống miền Nam.
Cây thuộc loại thân thảo, mọc hàng năm hay lưỡng niên, bò sát mặt đất, phân nhiều nhánh, nhánh có thể dài 30-60 cm, trên thân có lông nhung ngắn. Lá kép , lông chim có 5-7 lá chét. Lá thuôn dài 5-10 mm, mặt dưới có phiến phủ lông trắng. Hoa mọc đơn độc, màu vàng nhạt, mọc riêng lẻ ở kẽ lá, cuống hoa ngắn có lông trắng. Quả đa dạng, thường có hình 5 cạnh , mỗi khoang chứa nhiều hạt. Rễ hình trụ, dài 10-15 cm, màu nâu nhạt, có mùi thơm nhẹ. Cây trổ hoa vào cuối mùa xuân, đầu mùa hạ.
Phần dùng làm dược liệu là quả và rễ.

Thành phần hóa học:
- Phytosterols và Saponins:
Quả chứa Protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, terrestrosins A-E, desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin và các glycosides loại furostanol cùng với Beta-sitosterol, spirosta-3,5-diene và stigmasterol. Hai saponins có chứa nhóm sulfate mới được cô lập năm 2002 là Prototribestrin và methylprototribestrin
Hoa cũng chứa các sapogenins loại sterod thuộc nhóm diosgenin, hecogenin và ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids: Trong Hoa có Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-rutinoside và Quercetin.
- Lignans: như Tribulusamides A và B.
- Alkaloids: Harman và Harmine.
- Lá Tribulus đôi khi được ăn như rau chứa 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % Cal cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg Sắt/ 100 g lá và 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Quả cũng chứa một số chất béo (3.5-5%) như stearic, palmitic, myristic, arachidic, behinic acid.

Đặc tính Dược học:
Đa số các nghiên cứu về dược tính của Tribulus terrestris được thực hiện tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa và Nhật Bản.
1- Khả năng chống sạn thận:
Dịch triết bằng ethanol của quả Tribulus cho thấy có tác dụng bảo vệ khá mạnh chống lại sự tạo sạn gây ra bằng cách cấy hạt thủy tinh vào chuột bạch tạng; tác dụng này tuỳ vào liều sử dụng, và do ở phần hoạt chất tan trong methanol (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Số 32/1994). Tác dụng ly giải sạn (litholytic) cũng được nghiên cứu nơi chuột bị tạo ra tình trạng dư oxalat trong nước tiểu (hyperoxalurea) bằng hydroxy pyroline và sodium glycolate: khi cho chuột uống dịch trích bằng nước Tribulus, sự bài tiết oxalate theo nước tiểu trở về mức bình thường sau 21 ngày và giữ nguyên được mức độ này trong 15 ngày sau khi ngưng thuốc (Phytotherapy Research Số 7-1993). Cơ chế hoạt động của Tribulus terrestris được giải thích như sau: do tác dụng ức chế men glycolic acid oxydase, (GAO) men này giúp chuyển hoá glycolate thành glyoxylate. Hoạt động của GAO đưa đến kết quả là có phản ứng oxy hóa glycolic acid thành glyoxylate (một chất biến dưỡng độc), và sau cùng thành oxalate.

2- Tác dụng lợi tiểu:
Dịch trích bằng nước Terrestris chứa lượng Potassium khá cao, có thể tạo tác dụng lợi tiểu. Nghiên cứu tại khoa niệu học, bệnh viện The Royal London & Homerton, London (Anh) cho thấy dịch trích Terrestris tribulus bằng nước, ở liều uống 5g/kg có tác dụng lợi tiểu hơi mạnh hơn furosemide, nồng độ của các ions Na(+), K(+),Cl(-) trong nước tiểu cũng gia tăng. Tác dụng của Tribulus mạnh hơn là tác dụng của râu bắp. Ngoài ra Tribulus còn tạo ra co bóp ruột non nơi chuột bọ thử nghiệm (J Ethnopharmacology Số 85(Apr)-2003.

3- Tác dụng bảo vệ Thận:
Sự hư hại nơi thận gây ra bởi gentamycin được giảm bớt khi cho dùng chung với Tribulus terrestris (Update Ayurveda 1994.

4- Hoạt tính kháng sinh:
Dịch trích từ Quả và Lá Tribulus terrestris có hoạt tính kháng Escherichia và Staphyloccus aureus (J of Research in Indian Medicine Số 9-1974).

5- Tác dụng kích thích tim:
Dung dịch tinh khiết hóa một phần của Tribulus có tác dụng kích thích cơ tim (cô lập) rất mạnh: có sự gia tăng lực co bóp cùng với tác dụng chronotropic âm. Saponins ly trích từ Tribulus tạo ra sự giản nở động mạch vành, giúp cải thiện sự tuần hoàn động mạch nơi những bệnh nhân bị bệnh tim/ động mạch: Thử nghiệm trên 406 bệnh nhân bị angina pectoris tại Bệnh viện Jilin (Trung Hoa) cho dùng saponins trích từ Tribulus đưa đến kết quả thành công đến 82.3 %: EEG được cải thiện nơi 52.7 % (Pub Med PMID:2364467).

6- Tác dụng tăng khả năng sinh sản:
Các biglycosides loại furostanol cô lập từ dịch chiết bằng alcohol có tác dụng kích thích sự sản xuất tinh trùng và hoạt tính của tế bào Sertoli nơi chuột.Terrestrioside-F làm tăng libido và đáp ứng tình dục nơi chuột đực đồng thời tạo tiềm năng rụng trứng, gia tăng khả năng thụ thai nơi chuột cái ( J Science Research and Plant Medicine in India Số 1-1980).

7- Tác dụng trên chứng rối loạn cường dương:
Protodioscin được cho là có tác dụng cải thiện sự ham muốn tình dục, và gia tăng độ cường dương bằng cách chuyển biến protodioscin thành DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Tuy nhiên, lượng protodioscin trong cây rất biến đổi, khó định được hàm lượng chính xác. (Journal of Andro logy (Số 23-2000).
Một nghiên cứu về tác dụng của Tribulus terrestris trên các tế bào xốp (corpus cavernosum) ở cơ quan sinh dục đã cô lập nơi thỏ, đồng thời xác định cơ chế hoạt tính của cây đã được thực hiện tại Đại học Y Khoa Singapore: Thỏ được cho uống mỗi ngày một lần dịch trích từ Tribulus, liên tục trong 8 tuần, theo những liều lượng khác nhau. Thỏ sau đó bị giết và mô tế bào bộ phận sinh dục được cô lập để lượng định sự đáp ứng với thuốc và với sự kích ứng bằng điện trường. Các phản ứng thư giãn với acetylcholine, nitroglycerin và EFS được so sánh với các thông số kiểm soát: Sự mất hoạt tính trên đáp ứng co rút với noradrenaline và histamine cho thấy prodioscin có tác dụng thật sự trên khả năng cường dương do ở sự gia tăng phóng thích nitric oxide từ tế bào endothelium và tế bào thần kinh nitrergic.(Ann Acad Med Singapore Số 29 (Jan)-2000).
Nghiên cứu kế tiếp, cũng tại ĐH Y Khoa Singapore (Life Science Số 71 tháng 8-2002) đã thử nghiệm Tribulus terrestris trên chuột, chia thành 2 nhóm: nhóm bình thường và nhóm bị thiến, cho dùng Tribulus, đối chứng với Testosterone; các thông số nghiên cứu dựa trên các hoạt động tình dục và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp nơi bộ phận sinh dục như số lượt muốn giao cấu, muốn nhẩy đực, thời gian xuất tinh … Kết quả cho thấy nhóm dùng Tribulus có những gia tăng hoạt động tình dục rõ rệt, riêng nhóm chuột bị thiến có sự gia tăng trọng lượng cúa tuyến nhiếp hộ, và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp.
Những nghiên cứu khác tại ĐH Iowa State, thử nghiệm các sản phẩm phối hợp Tribulus terrestris với Androstenediol, Saw palmetto, Indol-3-Carbinol, Chrysin.. bán trên thị trường như DION, AND-HB.. cho thấy những kết quả như có sự gia tăng nồng độ testosterone tự do nơi nhóm người trên 50 tuổi, đồng thời androstenedione kèm theo trong các sản phẩm không bị ngăn ngừa để chuyển biến thành estradiol và dihydrotesto sterone (J. Am Coll Nutr. Tháng 10-2001).

8- Tác dụng hạ đường trong máu:
Thử nghiệm tại ĐH East China Normal University, Thượng Hải dùng chuột bị tạo bệnh tiểu đường bằng alloxan, cho uống saponins trích từ Tribulus, so sánh với viên phenformin (đối chứng). Kết quả ghi nhận saponins trong Tribulus làm giảm mức glucose trong máu rõ rệt với những tỷ lệ 26.25 % nơi chuột bình thường và 40.67 % nơi chuột bị tiểu đường. Mức triglycerides cũng giảm hạ được 23.35 %. Hoạt tính của SOD cũng gia tăng (PubMed-PMID :12583337).

9- Hoạt tính trên tế bào ung thư:
Các saponins loại steroid của Tribulus đã được thử nghiệm về khả năng kháng sinh và giết tế bào ung thư (Pharmazie July 2002). Các saponins steroid nhóm spirostanol có tác động rất mạnh trên các nấm Candida albicans và Cryptococcus neoformans, và trên các tế bảo ung thư các loại melanoma SK-MEL, carcinoma miệng KB, carcinoma vú BT-549 và carcinoma buồng trứng SK-OV-3..

Tribulus terrestris trong Dược học dân gian:
Tribulus terrestris được sử dụng tại Việt Nam, Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa để trị một số bệnh trong dược học dân gian:
- Tại Ấn Độ: Quả được dùng trong nhiều bệnh như giúp khai vị, chống sưng viêm, điều kinh, kiện vị, bổ, lợi tiểu, sinh sữa, tráng dương, ngoài ra cũng còn dùng trong các bệnh về bàng quang giúp lợi tiểu, trị sạn, sưng gan phong thấp; trị bệnh ngoài da như psoriasis, cùi và ghẻ.
- Tại Việt Nam: Tribulus hay Gai chống được dùng trị đau đầu, đỏ mắt, chảy nhiều nước mắt, phong ngứa, kinh nguyệt không đều, sữa không thông. Dùng quả chín sắc uống để trị kiết lỵ ra máu.
- Tại Trung Hoa: Hoa dùng để trị cùi, Đọt lá trị ghẻ; Quả khô hay sắc để trị đầy hơi, sưng gan, đau mắt, bệnh thận. Hạt có tính trụy thai, trị sán lãi, ho, xuất huyết.

Tribulus terrestris trong Đông Y:
Đông Y cổ truyền sử dụng Tribulus hay Bạch tật lê (Bai-ji-li) từ lâu đời Cây đã được ghi chép trong ‘Thần nông Bản thảo’. Dược liệu là quả thu hái khi chín vào mùa thu tại các vùng Hồ Nam, Hồ Bắc, Sơn Đông, An Huy.. (Nhật dược gọi là byakushitsuri, Korea là paekchillyo).
Vị thuốc được xem là có vị cay, đắng tính ấm; tác dụng vào các kinh mạch thuộc Can và Phế.
Bạch tật lê có những tác dụng:
- Bình Can và ổn định Dương: giúp trị nhức đầu choáng váng, chóng mặt do ở Dương Can ‘thăng’: trong trường hợp này được dùng chung với Cẩu đằng (gou-teng=Uncariae) và Ngưu tất (Niu-xi=Achyranthis Bidentatae).
- Phân tán Phong-Nhiệt và làm sáng mắt: giúp trị mắt sưng, đỏ, chảy nhiều nước mắt. Dùng chung với Cúc hoa (ju-hua=Chrysanthemi Morifolii) và Hạt muồng (Quyết minh tử=jue ming zi).
- Giúp lưu chuyền Khí tại Can: trị đau và cứng nơi sườn hay thiếu sữa do ở Can Khí bị tắc nghẽn. Dùng chung với Thanh bì (qing pi=Citri Reticulatae) và Hương phụ (Cò cú=xiang fu).
- Tán Phong và trị ngứa ngoài da. Dùng với Vỏ ve sầu (Thuyền xác= Chan-tui) và Rể Phòng phong (Fang feng) để trị ngứa.

Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Government of India 1989)
•Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
•Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
•PubMed : www.ncbi.nlm.gov
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việt Nam (Vò văn Chi)
•Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist’s Letter)
•Medicinal Plants of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)

**** khoahoc.baodatviet.vn/Home/KHCN/Nghien-cuu-cay-bach-tat-l… : Nhấp vào link để đọc thêm , rất cảm ơn.
Nghiên cứu cây bạch tật lê làm thuốc
Cập nhật lúc :1:10 AM, 06/08/2012
Chọn được giống bạch tật lê có hàm lượng tribulosin cao là kết quả của đề tài nghiên cứu “điều tra, chọn lọc giống bạch tật lê (Tribullus terrestris) có hàm lượng saponin steroid cao phân bố ở Việt Nam và nhân giống chọn lọc từ hạt”.

Đề tài do Ths. Bùi Đình Thạch, Viện Sinh học nhiệt đới TP. HCM thực hiện.

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**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRTE
**** www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&…
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am…

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404054
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:418-27.
The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments.
Heidari MR, Mehrabani M, Pardakhty A, Khazaeli P, Zahedi MJ, Yakhchali M, Vahedian M.
Source
Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman, P.O. Box 76175-493. Iran. heidarimr@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tribulus terrestris has been used in traditional medicine for relieving rheumatic pain and as an analgesic plant for a long time. In this investigation the analgesic effect of methanolic extract of this plant on male albino mice was evaluated by formalin and tail flick test. Extraction of the fruits of the plant was done by two different methods (suxheletion and percolation) with methanol 80%. The percolated extract was injected intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. The results showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of percolated extract had the highest significant analgesic effect compared to the control group (P < 0.01) in formalin and tail flick test. There is no significant difference in the analgesic effect of suxheleted and percolated extract. The analgesic effect of the extract was lower than morphine, 2.5 mg/kg in both tests, and higher than ASA 300 mg/kg in chronic phase of pain in formalin test (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of animal with naloxone did not change the analgesia induced by the plant extract in both tests, therefore the involvement of opioid receptor in the analgesic effect of this plant was excluded. The results of ulcerogenic studies indicate that the gastric ulcerogenecity of plant extract is lower than the indomethacin in the rat’s stomach. It can therefore be concluded that T. terrestris extract has a suitable analgesic effect and further studies are required to produce a more effective product of this plant to substitute for conventional analgesic drugs.

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Growth
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than 6 mm (a quarter-inch) long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats’ or bulls’ heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.

Etymology
The Greek word, τρίβολος meaning ‘water-chestnut’,[8] translated into Latin as tribulos. The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well

Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[1]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons smeared with the juice of Acokanthera venenata in southern Africa.

Dietary supplement
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT".[citation needed] After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body’s natural testosterone levels.
The extract is claimed to increase the body’s natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its purported muscle-building potential was popularized by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. However, T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[10][11][12] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties[13] – a finding indicating that the anabolic steroid effects of Tribulus terrestris may be more myth than fact.
Some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food

Traditional medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb…"
T. terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian Ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[14] It is also used in Unani, another medical system of India.

Research in animals

T. terrestris has been shown to enhance sexual behavior in an animal model.[15] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and luteinizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples.[citation needed] A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals [16]
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[17] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[18] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[19]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN).[20] In a study with mice, T. terrestris was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate;[citation needed] however, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity, rather than an immediate effect. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement.[21] The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.[citation needed] Also, T. terrestris was shown to have strong inhibitory activity on COX-2.[22] /* Research in animals */ Tribulus terrestris is also a good osmotic diuretic in human and useful in AKD (Acute Kidney Diseases ) and CKD (Chronic Kidney Diseases).[23]–NeeleshAD (talk) 16:33, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Eradication
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.

Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.

Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.

Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser’s location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.

Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[24] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg

**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tribulus+terrestris : Click on link to read more, please.
Habitats
Cultivated Beds;
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Fruit; Leaves.
Edible Uses:

Leaves and young shoots – cooked[144, 177]. A nutritional analysis is available[218]. Fruit – cooked. The unexpanded seed capsules are ground into a powder and made into a bread[2, 144, 177, 179]. A famine food, it is only used when all else fails[2].
Composition
Figures in grams (g) or miligrams (mg) per 100g of food.
Leaves (Fresh weight)
*0 Calories per 100g
*Water : 79.09%
*Protein: 7.22g; Fat: 0g; Carbohydrate: 0g; Fibre: 0g; Ash: 4.6g;
*Minerals – Calcium: 1600mg; Phosphorus: 80mg; Iron: 9.22mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 0mg; Potassium: 0mg; Zinc: 0mg;
*Vitamins – A: 0mg; Thiamine (B1): 0mg; Riboflavin (B2): 0mg; Niacin: 0mg; B6: 0mg; C: 41mg;
*Reference: [ 218]
*Notes:

Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.

Abortifacient; Alterative; Anthelmintic; Aphrodisiac; Carminative; Demulcent; Diuretic; Galactogogue; Infertility; Pectoral.

The seed is abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic[4, 147, 176, 178, 218]. It stimulates blood circulation[147]. A decoction is used in treating impotency in males, nocturnal emissions, gonorrhoea and incontinence of urine[4, 240]. It has also proved effective in treating painful urination, gout and kidney diseases[240]. The plant has shown anticancer activity[218]. The flowers are used in the treatment of leprosy[218]. The stems are used in the treatment of scabious skin diseases and psoriasis[218]. The dried and concocted fruits are used in the treatment of congestion, gas, headache, liver, ophthalmia and stomatitis[218].

Puncturevine, Bullhead, Burra Gokharu, Tribulus terrestris ….Chụp gần hoa và lá của cây Bạc Tật Lê, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ, Gai chống ….#21
36171 facts about synthetic weed 7986075127 fd2c12d349 Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris....Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ....#10

Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Chụp hình ngày 11 – 9 – 2012 tại thành phố Hewitt, tiểu bang Texas, thuộc miền Nam nước Mỹ
Cây được phát hiện mọc hoang ở vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc ven biển các tỉnh Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế và các tỉnh miền Nam.

Taken on Sept 11, 2012 in Hewitt city, Texas state, Southern of America.

Vietnamese named : Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Gai chống, Quỷ Kiến Sầu nhỏ.
Common names : Bindii, Bullhead, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Cat’s head, Devil’s eyelashes, Devil’s thorn, Devil’s weed,Goathead, Puncturevine,Tackweed.
Scientist name : Tribulus terrestris L.
Synonyms :
Family : Zygophyllaceae – Creosote-bush family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Sapindales
Genus : Tribulus L. – puncturevine
Species : Tribulus terrestris L. – puncturevine

**** www.tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:Gai_Ch%E1%B… : Dược sỉ Trần Việt Hưng
Viagra được xem là một viên thuốc đã đem đến một cuộc ‘cách mạng’ trong vấn đề sinh hoạt ‘tình dục’. Rất nhiều bài viết trên các tạp chí thông thường cũng như tập san chuyên môn đã đề cập đến Viagra. Tuy nhiên hiện vẫn còn câu hỏi được nhiều người chờ giải đáp là ‘có dược thảo nào thay thế được Viagra không?’. Trong tạp chí Natural Health số tháng 9-10 năm 1998, Rob Ivker D.O., khi trả lời bạn đọc trên mục "Man to Man" có đề cập đến 2 dược thảo Yohimbine, và ‘Puncture Vine’ hay Tribulus terrestris. Yohimbine là cây thuốc quen thuộc với giới Y-dược, nhưng Tribulus terrestris mới thật sự là cây thuốc đáng chú ý vì rất dễ tìm tại Việt Nam và quả thật có tác dụng không kém Viagra!

Tribulus terrestris, gia đình thực vật Zygophyllaceae được gọi tại Việt Nam là cây Gai Chống, cùng những tên khác như Bạch tật lê, Gai ma vương,Thích tật lê… Cây mọc rất phổ biến tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa, Việt Nam, vài vùng tại Âu châu và Nam Phi nơi những vùng đất hoang dại. Tên gọi tại Ấn Độ là Gokhru ( chữ Phạn = Gokshura). Tên Gokhru do ở hình dạng của quả giống như móng bò.

Tại Hoa Kỳ, cây được gọi dưới nhiều tên như Puncture vine, Abrojos, Caltrop, Cat’s-Head, Common Dubblejie, Devil’s-Thorn, Goathead, Nature’s Viagra (!). Tên Puncture Vine là do ở hạt của cây nhọn đến độ có thể làm xì lốp xe đạp.
Tại Việt Nam, Gai chống mọc hoang dại ở những vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc vùng ven biển từ miền Trung (Quảng Bình) xuống miền Nam.
Cây thuộc loại thân thảo, mọc hàng năm hay lưỡng niên, bò sát mặt đất, phân nhiều nhánh, nhánh có thể dài 30-60 cm, trên thân có lông nhung ngắn. Lá kép , lông chim có 5-7 lá chét. Lá thuôn dài 5-10 mm, mặt dưới có phiến phủ lông trắng. Hoa mọc đơn độc, màu vàng nhạt, mọc riêng lẻ ở kẽ lá, cuống hoa ngắn có lông trắng. Quả đa dạng, thường có hình 5 cạnh , mỗi khoang chứa nhiều hạt. Rễ hình trụ, dài 10-15 cm, màu nâu nhạt, có mùi thơm nhẹ. Cây trổ hoa vào cuối mùa xuân, đầu mùa hạ.
Phần dùng làm dược liệu là quả và rễ.

Thành phần hóa học:
- Phytosterols và Saponins:
Quả chứa Protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, terrestrosins A-E, desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin và các glycosides loại furostanol cùng với Beta-sitosterol, spirosta-3,5-diene và stigmasterol. Hai saponins có chứa nhóm sulfate mới được cô lập năm 2002 là Prototribestrin và methylprototribestrin
Hoa cũng chứa các sapogenins loại sterod thuộc nhóm diosgenin, hecogenin và ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids: Trong Hoa có Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-rutinoside và Quercetin.
- Lignans: như Tribulusamides A và B.
- Alkaloids: Harman và Harmine.
- Lá Tribulus đôi khi được ăn như rau chứa 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % Cal cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg Sắt/ 100 g lá và 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Quả cũng chứa một số chất béo (3.5-5%) như stearic, palmitic, myristic, arachidic, behinic acid.

Đặc tính Dược học:
Đa số các nghiên cứu về dược tính của Tribulus terrestris được thực hiện tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa và Nhật Bản.
1- Khả năng chống sạn thận:
Dịch triết bằng ethanol của quả Tribulus cho thấy có tác dụng bảo vệ khá mạnh chống lại sự tạo sạn gây ra bằng cách cấy hạt thủy tinh vào chuột bạch tạng; tác dụng này tuỳ vào liều sử dụng, và do ở phần hoạt chất tan trong methanol (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Số 32/1994). Tác dụng ly giải sạn (litholytic) cũng được nghiên cứu nơi chuột bị tạo ra tình trạng dư oxalat trong nước tiểu (hyperoxalurea) bằng hydroxy pyroline và sodium glycolate: khi cho chuột uống dịch trích bằng nước Tribulus, sự bài tiết oxalate theo nước tiểu trở về mức bình thường sau 21 ngày và giữ nguyên được mức độ này trong 15 ngày sau khi ngưng thuốc (Phytotherapy Research Số 7-1993). Cơ chế hoạt động của Tribulus terrestris được giải thích như sau: do tác dụng ức chế men glycolic acid oxydase, (GAO) men này giúp chuyển hoá glycolate thành glyoxylate. Hoạt động của GAO đưa đến kết quả là có phản ứng oxy hóa glycolic acid thành glyoxylate (một chất biến dưỡng độc), và sau cùng thành oxalate.

2- Tác dụng lợi tiểu:
Dịch trích bằng nước Terrestris chứa lượng Potassium khá cao, có thể tạo tác dụng lợi tiểu. Nghiên cứu tại khoa niệu học, bệnh viện The Royal London & Homerton, London (Anh) cho thấy dịch trích Terrestris tribulus bằng nước, ở liều uống 5g/kg có tác dụng lợi tiểu hơi mạnh hơn furosemide, nồng độ của các ions Na(+), K(+),Cl(-) trong nước tiểu cũng gia tăng. Tác dụng của Tribulus mạnh hơn là tác dụng của râu bắp. Ngoài ra Tribulus còn tạo ra co bóp ruột non nơi chuột bọ thử nghiệm (J Ethnopharmacology Số 85(Apr)-2003.

3- Tác dụng bảo vệ Thận:
Sự hư hại nơi thận gây ra bởi gentamycin được giảm bớt khi cho dùng chung với Tribulus terrestris (Update Ayurveda 1994.

4- Hoạt tính kháng sinh:
Dịch trích từ Quả và Lá Tribulus terrestris có hoạt tính kháng Escherichia và Staphyloccus aureus (J of Research in Indian Medicine Số 9-1974).

5- Tác dụng kích thích tim:
Dung dịch tinh khiết hóa một phần của Tribulus có tác dụng kích thích cơ tim (cô lập) rất mạnh: có sự gia tăng lực co bóp cùng với tác dụng chronotropic âm. Saponins ly trích từ Tribulus tạo ra sự giản nở động mạch vành, giúp cải thiện sự tuần hoàn động mạch nơi những bệnh nhân bị bệnh tim/ động mạch: Thử nghiệm trên 406 bệnh nhân bị angina pectoris tại Bệnh viện Jilin (Trung Hoa) cho dùng saponins trích từ Tribulus đưa đến kết quả thành công đến 82.3 %: EEG được cải thiện nơi 52.7 % (Pub Med PMID:2364467).

6- Tác dụng tăng khả năng sinh sản:
Các biglycosides loại furostanol cô lập từ dịch chiết bằng alcohol có tác dụng kích thích sự sản xuất tinh trùng và hoạt tính của tế bào Sertoli nơi chuột.Terrestrioside-F làm tăng libido và đáp ứng tình dục nơi chuột đực đồng thời tạo tiềm năng rụng trứng, gia tăng khả năng thụ thai nơi chuột cái ( J Science Research and Plant Medicine in India Số 1-1980).

7- Tác dụng trên chứng rối loạn cường dương:
Protodioscin được cho là có tác dụng cải thiện sự ham muốn tình dục, và gia tăng độ cường dương bằng cách chuyển biến protodioscin thành DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Tuy nhiên, lượng protodioscin trong cây rất biến đổi, khó định được hàm lượng chính xác. (Journal of Andro logy (Số 23-2000).
Một nghiên cứu về tác dụng của Tribulus terrestris trên các tế bào xốp (corpus cavernosum) ở cơ quan sinh dục đã cô lập nơi thỏ, đồng thời xác định cơ chế hoạt tính của cây đã được thực hiện tại Đại học Y Khoa Singapore: Thỏ được cho uống mỗi ngày một lần dịch trích từ Tribulus, liên tục trong 8 tuần, theo những liều lượng khác nhau. Thỏ sau đó bị giết và mô tế bào bộ phận sinh dục được cô lập để lượng định sự đáp ứng với thuốc và với sự kích ứng bằng điện trường. Các phản ứng thư giãn với acetylcholine, nitroglycerin và EFS được so sánh với các thông số kiểm soát: Sự mất hoạt tính trên đáp ứng co rút với noradrenaline và histamine cho thấy prodioscin có tác dụng thật sự trên khả năng cường dương do ở sự gia tăng phóng thích nitric oxide từ tế bào endothelium và tế bào thần kinh nitrergic.(Ann Acad Med Singapore Số 29 (Jan)-2000).
Nghiên cứu kế tiếp, cũng tại ĐH Y Khoa Singapore (Life Science Số 71 tháng 8-2002) đã thử nghiệm Tribulus terrestris trên chuột, chia thành 2 nhóm: nhóm bình thường và nhóm bị thiến, cho dùng Tribulus, đối chứng với Testosterone; các thông số nghiên cứu dựa trên các hoạt động tình dục và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp nơi bộ phận sinh dục như số lượt muốn giao cấu, muốn nhẩy đực, thời gian xuất tinh … Kết quả cho thấy nhóm dùng Tribulus có những gia tăng hoạt động tình dục rõ rệt, riêng nhóm chuột bị thiến có sự gia tăng trọng lượng cúa tuyến nhiếp hộ, và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp.
Những nghiên cứu khác tại ĐH Iowa State, thử nghiệm các sản phẩm phối hợp Tribulus terrestris với Androstenediol, Saw palmetto, Indol-3-Carbinol, Chrysin.. bán trên thị trường như DION, AND-HB.. cho thấy những kết quả như có sự gia tăng nồng độ testosterone tự do nơi nhóm người trên 50 tuổi, đồng thời androstenedione kèm theo trong các sản phẩm không bị ngăn ngừa để chuyển biến thành estradiol và dihydrotesto sterone (J. Am Coll Nutr. Tháng 10-2001).

8- Tác dụng hạ đường trong máu:
Thử nghiệm tại ĐH East China Normal University, Thượng Hải dùng chuột bị tạo bệnh tiểu đường bằng alloxan, cho uống saponins trích từ Tribulus, so sánh với viên phenformin (đối chứng). Kết quả ghi nhận saponins trong Tribulus làm giảm mức glucose trong máu rõ rệt với những tỷ lệ 26.25 % nơi chuột bình thường và 40.67 % nơi chuột bị tiểu đường. Mức triglycerides cũng giảm hạ được 23.35 %. Hoạt tính của SOD cũng gia tăng (PubMed-PMID :12583337).

9- Hoạt tính trên tế bào ung thư:
Các saponins loại steroid của Tribulus đã được thử nghiệm về khả năng kháng sinh và giết tế bào ung thư (Pharmazie July 2002). Các saponins steroid nhóm spirostanol có tác động rất mạnh trên các nấm Candida albicans và Cryptococcus neoformans, và trên các tế bảo ung thư các loại melanoma SK-MEL, carcinoma miệng KB, carcinoma vú BT-549 và carcinoma buồng trứng SK-OV-3..

Tribulus terrestris trong Dược học dân gian:
Tribulus terrestris được sử dụng tại Việt Nam, Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa để trị một số bệnh trong dược học dân gian:
- Tại Ấn Độ: Quả được dùng trong nhiều bệnh như giúp khai vị, chống sưng viêm, điều kinh, kiện vị, bổ, lợi tiểu, sinh sữa, tráng dương, ngoài ra cũng còn dùng trong các bệnh về bàng quang giúp lợi tiểu, trị sạn, sưng gan phong thấp; trị bệnh ngoài da như psoriasis, cùi và ghẻ.
- Tại Việt Nam: Tribulus hay Gai chống được dùng trị đau đầu, đỏ mắt, chảy nhiều nước mắt, phong ngứa, kinh nguyệt không đều, sữa không thông. Dùng quả chín sắc uống để trị kiết lỵ ra máu.
- Tại Trung Hoa: Hoa dùng để trị cùi, Đọt lá trị ghẻ; Quả khô hay sắc để trị đầy hơi, sưng gan, đau mắt, bệnh thận. Hạt có tính trụy thai, trị sán lãi, ho, xuất huyết.

Tribulus terrestris trong Đông Y:
Đông Y cổ truyền sử dụng Tribulus hay Bạch tật lê (Bai-ji-li) từ lâu đời Cây đã được ghi chép trong ‘Thần nông Bản thảo’. Dược liệu là quả thu hái khi chín vào mùa thu tại các vùng Hồ Nam, Hồ Bắc, Sơn Đông, An Huy.. (Nhật dược gọi là byakushitsuri, Korea là paekchillyo).
Vị thuốc được xem là có vị cay, đắng tính ấm; tác dụng vào các kinh mạch thuộc Can và Phế.
Bạch tật lê có những tác dụng:
- Bình Can và ổn định Dương: giúp trị nhức đầu choáng váng, chóng mặt do ở Dương Can ‘thăng’: trong trường hợp này được dùng chung với Cẩu đằng (gou-teng=Uncariae) và Ngưu tất (Niu-xi=Achyranthis Bidentatae).
- Phân tán Phong-Nhiệt và làm sáng mắt: giúp trị mắt sưng, đỏ, chảy nhiều nước mắt. Dùng chung với Cúc hoa (ju-hua=Chrysanthemi Morifolii) và Hạt muồng (Quyết minh tử=jue ming zi).
- Giúp lưu chuyền Khí tại Can: trị đau và cứng nơi sườn hay thiếu sữa do ở Can Khí bị tắc nghẽn. Dùng chung với Thanh bì (qing pi=Citri Reticulatae) và Hương phụ (Cò cú=xiang fu).
- Tán Phong và trị ngứa ngoài da. Dùng với Vỏ ve sầu (Thuyền xác= Chan-tui) và Rể Phòng phong (Fang feng) để trị ngứa.

Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Government of India 1989)
•Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
•Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
•PubMed : www.ncbi.nlm.gov
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việt Nam (Vò văn Chi)
•Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist’s Letter)
•Medicinal Plants of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)

**** khoahoc.baodatviet.vn/Home/KHCN/Nghien-cuu-cay-bach-tat-l… : Nhấp vào link để đọc thêm , rất cảm ơn.
Nghiên cứu cây bạch tật lê làm thuốc
Cập nhật lúc :1:10 AM, 06/08/2012
Chọn được giống bạch tật lê có hàm lượng tribulosin cao là kết quả của đề tài nghiên cứu “điều tra, chọn lọc giống bạch tật lê (Tribullus terrestris) có hàm lượng saponin steroid cao phân bố ở Việt Nam và nhân giống chọn lọc từ hạt”.

Đề tài do Ths. Bùi Đình Thạch, Viện Sinh học nhiệt đới TP. HCM thực hiện.

_______________________________________________________________________________

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRTE
**** www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&…
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am…

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404054
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:418-27.
The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments.
Heidari MR, Mehrabani M, Pardakhty A, Khazaeli P, Zahedi MJ, Yakhchali M, Vahedian M.
Source
Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman, P.O. Box 76175-493. Iran. heidarimr@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tribulus terrestris has been used in traditional medicine for relieving rheumatic pain and as an analgesic plant for a long time. In this investigation the analgesic effect of methanolic extract of this plant on male albino mice was evaluated by formalin and tail flick test. Extraction of the fruits of the plant was done by two different methods (suxheletion and percolation) with methanol 80%. The percolated extract was injected intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. The results showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of percolated extract had the highest significant analgesic effect compared to the control group (P < 0.01) in formalin and tail flick test. There is no significant difference in the analgesic effect of suxheleted and percolated extract. The analgesic effect of the extract was lower than morphine, 2.5 mg/kg in both tests, and higher than ASA 300 mg/kg in chronic phase of pain in formalin test (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of animal with naloxone did not change the analgesia induced by the plant extract in both tests, therefore the involvement of opioid receptor in the analgesic effect of this plant was excluded. The results of ulcerogenic studies indicate that the gastric ulcerogenecity of plant extract is lower than the indomethacin in the rat’s stomach. It can therefore be concluded that T. terrestris extract has a suitable analgesic effect and further studies are required to produce a more effective product of this plant to substitute for conventional analgesic drugs.

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Growth
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than 6 mm (a quarter-inch) long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats’ or bulls’ heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.

Etymology
The Greek word, τρίβολος meaning ‘water-chestnut’,[8] translated into Latin as tribulos. The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well

Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[1]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons smeared with the juice of Acokanthera venenata in southern Africa.

Dietary supplement
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT".[citation needed] After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body’s natural testosterone levels.
The extract is claimed to increase the body’s natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its purported muscle-building potential was popularized by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. However, T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[10][11][12] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties[13] – a finding indicating that the anabolic steroid effects of Tribulus terrestris may be more myth than fact.
Some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food

Traditional medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb…"
T. terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian Ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[14] It is also used in Unani, another medical system of India.

Research in animals

T. terrestris has been shown to enhance sexual behavior in an animal model.[15] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and luteinizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples.[citation needed] A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals [16]
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[17] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[18] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[19]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN).[20] In a study with mice, T. terrestris was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate;[citation needed] however, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity, rather than an immediate effect. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement.[21] The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.[citation needed] Also, T. terrestris was shown to have strong inhibitory activity on COX-2.[22] /* Research in animals */ Tribulus terrestris is also a good osmotic diuretic in human and useful in AKD (Acute Kidney Diseases ) and CKD (Chronic Kidney Diseases).[23]–NeeleshAD (talk) 16:33, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Eradication
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.

Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.

Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.

Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser’s location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.

Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[24] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg

**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tribulus+terrestris : Click on link to read more, please.
Habitats
Cultivated Beds;
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Fruit; Leaves.
Edible Uses:

Leaves and young shoots – cooked[144, 177]. A nutritional analysis is available[218]. Fruit – cooked. The unexpanded seed capsules are ground into a powder and made into a bread[2, 144, 177, 179]. A famine food, it is only used when all else fails[2].
Composition
Figures in grams (g) or miligrams (mg) per 100g of food.
Leaves (Fresh weight)
*0 Calories per 100g
*Water : 79.09%
*Protein: 7.22g; Fat: 0g; Carbohydrate: 0g; Fibre: 0g; Ash: 4.6g;
*Minerals – Calcium: 1600mg; Phosphorus: 80mg; Iron: 9.22mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 0mg; Potassium: 0mg; Zinc: 0mg;
*Vitamins – A: 0mg; Thiamine (B1): 0mg; Riboflavin (B2): 0mg; Niacin: 0mg; B6: 0mg; C: 41mg;
*Reference: [ 218]
*Notes:

Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.

Abortifacient; Alterative; Anthelmintic; Aphrodisiac; Carminative; Demulcent; Diuretic; Galactogogue; Infertility; Pectoral.

The seed is abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic[4, 147, 176, 178, 218]. It stimulates blood circulation[147]. A decoction is used in treating impotency in males, nocturnal emissions, gonorrhoea and incontinence of urine[4, 240]. It has also proved effective in treating painful urination, gout and kidney diseases[240]. The plant has shown anticancer activity[218]. The flowers are used in the treatment of leprosy[218]. The stems are used in the treatment of scabious skin diseases and psoriasis[218]. The dried and concocted fruits are used in the treatment of congestion, gas, headache, liver, ophthalmia and stomatitis[218].

Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris….Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ….#7
09dea facts about synthetic weed 7972101296 cc093240ff Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris....Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ....#10

Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Chụp hình ngày 8 – 9 – 2012 tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, thuộc miền Nam nước Mỹ
Cây được phát hiện mọc hoang ở vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc ven biển các tỉnh Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế và các tỉnh miền Nam.

Taken on Sept 8, 2012 in Waco city, Texas state, Southern of America.

Vietnamese named : Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Gai chống, Quỷ Kiến Sầu nhỏ.
Common names : Bindii, Bullhead, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Cat’s head, Devil’s eyelashes, Devil’s thorn, Devil’s weed,Goathead, Puncturevine,Tackweed.
Scientist name : Tribulus terrestris L.
Synonyms :
Family : Zygophyllaceae – Creosote-bush family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Sapindales
Genus : Tribulus L. – puncturevine
Species : Tribulus terrestris L. – puncturevine

**** www.tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:Gai_Ch%E1%B… : Dược sỉ Trần Việt Hưng
Viagra được xem là một viên thuốc đã đem đến một cuộc ‘cách mạng’ trong vấn đề sinh hoạt ‘tình dục’. Rất nhiều bài viết trên các tạp chí thông thường cũng như tập san chuyên môn đã đề cập đến Viagra. Tuy nhiên hiện vẫn còn câu hỏi được nhiều người chờ giải đáp là ‘có dược thảo nào thay thế được Viagra không?’. Trong tạp chí Natural Health số tháng 9-10 năm 1998, Rob Ivker D.O., khi trả lời bạn đọc trên mục "Man to Man" có đề cập đến 2 dược thảo Yohimbine, và ‘Puncture Vine’ hay Tribulus terrestris. Yohimbine là cây thuốc quen thuộc với giới Y-dược, nhưng Tribulus terrestris mới thật sự là cây thuốc đáng chú ý vì rất dễ tìm tại Việt Nam và quả thật có tác dụng không kém Viagra!

Tribulus terrestris, gia đình thực vật Zygophyllaceae được gọi tại Việt Nam là cây Gai Chống, cùng những tên khác như Bạch tật lê, Gai ma vương,Thích tật lê… Cây mọc rất phổ biến tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa, Việt Nam, vài vùng tại Âu châu và Nam Phi nơi những vùng đất hoang dại. Tên gọi tại Ấn Độ là Gokhru ( chữ Phạn = Gokshura). Tên Gokhru do ở hình dạng của quả giống như móng bò.

Tại Hoa Kỳ, cây được gọi dưới nhiều tên như Puncture vine, Abrojos, Caltrop, Cat’s-Head, Common Dubblejie, Devil’s-Thorn, Goathead, Nature’s Viagra (!). Tên Puncture Vine là do ở hạt của cây nhọn đến độ có thể làm xì lốp xe đạp.
Tại Việt Nam, Gai chống mọc hoang dại ở những vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc vùng ven biển từ miền Trung (Quảng Bình) xuống miền Nam.
Cây thuộc loại thân thảo, mọc hàng năm hay lưỡng niên, bò sát mặt đất, phân nhiều nhánh, nhánh có thể dài 30-60 cm, trên thân có lông nhung ngắn. Lá kép , lông chim có 5-7 lá chét. Lá thuôn dài 5-10 mm, mặt dưới có phiến phủ lông trắng. Hoa mọc đơn độc, màu vàng nhạt, mọc riêng lẻ ở kẽ lá, cuống hoa ngắn có lông trắng. Quả đa dạng, thường có hình 5 cạnh , mỗi khoang chứa nhiều hạt. Rễ hình trụ, dài 10-15 cm, màu nâu nhạt, có mùi thơm nhẹ. Cây trổ hoa vào cuối mùa xuân, đầu mùa hạ.
Phần dùng làm dược liệu là quả và rễ.

Thành phần hóa học:
- Phytosterols và Saponins:
Quả chứa Protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, terrestrosins A-E, desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin và các glycosides loại furostanol cùng với Beta-sitosterol, spirosta-3,5-diene và stigmasterol. Hai saponins có chứa nhóm sulfate mới được cô lập năm 2002 là Prototribestrin và methylprototribestrin
Hoa cũng chứa các sapogenins loại sterod thuộc nhóm diosgenin, hecogenin và ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids: Trong Hoa có Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-rutinoside và Quercetin.
- Lignans: như Tribulusamides A và B.
- Alkaloids: Harman và Harmine.
- Lá Tribulus đôi khi được ăn như rau chứa 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % Cal cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg Sắt/ 100 g lá và 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Quả cũng chứa một số chất béo (3.5-5%) như stearic, palmitic, myristic, arachidic, behinic acid.

Đặc tính Dược học:
Đa số các nghiên cứu về dược tính của Tribulus terrestris được thực hiện tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa và Nhật Bản.
1- Khả năng chống sạn thận:
Dịch triết bằng ethanol của quả Tribulus cho thấy có tác dụng bảo vệ khá mạnh chống lại sự tạo sạn gây ra bằng cách cấy hạt thủy tinh vào chuột bạch tạng; tác dụng này tuỳ vào liều sử dụng, và do ở phần hoạt chất tan trong methanol (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Số 32/1994). Tác dụng ly giải sạn (litholytic) cũng được nghiên cứu nơi chuột bị tạo ra tình trạng dư oxalat trong nước tiểu (hyperoxalurea) bằng hydroxy pyroline và sodium glycolate: khi cho chuột uống dịch trích bằng nước Tribulus, sự bài tiết oxalate theo nước tiểu trở về mức bình thường sau 21 ngày và giữ nguyên được mức độ này trong 15 ngày sau khi ngưng thuốc (Phytotherapy Research Số 7-1993). Cơ chế hoạt động của Tribulus terrestris được giải thích như sau: do tác dụng ức chế men glycolic acid oxydase, (GAO) men này giúp chuyển hoá glycolate thành glyoxylate. Hoạt động của GAO đưa đến kết quả là có phản ứng oxy hóa glycolic acid thành glyoxylate (một chất biến dưỡng độc), và sau cùng thành oxalate.

2- Tác dụng lợi tiểu:
Dịch trích bằng nước Terrestris chứa lượng Potassium khá cao, có thể tạo tác dụng lợi tiểu. Nghiên cứu tại khoa niệu học, bệnh viện The Royal London & Homerton, London (Anh) cho thấy dịch trích Terrestris tribulus bằng nước, ở liều uống 5g/kg có tác dụng lợi tiểu hơi mạnh hơn furosemide, nồng độ của các ions Na(+), K(+),Cl(-) trong nước tiểu cũng gia tăng. Tác dụng của Tribulus mạnh hơn là tác dụng của râu bắp. Ngoài ra Tribulus còn tạo ra co bóp ruột non nơi chuột bọ thử nghiệm (J Ethnopharmacology Số 85(Apr)-2003.

3- Tác dụng bảo vệ Thận:
Sự hư hại nơi thận gây ra bởi gentamycin được giảm bớt khi cho dùng chung với Tribulus terrestris (Update Ayurveda 1994.

4- Hoạt tính kháng sinh:
Dịch trích từ Quả và Lá Tribulus terrestris có hoạt tính kháng Escherichia và Staphyloccus aureus (J of Research in Indian Medicine Số 9-1974).

5- Tác dụng kích thích tim:
Dung dịch tinh khiết hóa một phần của Tribulus có tác dụng kích thích cơ tim (cô lập) rất mạnh: có sự gia tăng lực co bóp cùng với tác dụng chronotropic âm. Saponins ly trích từ Tribulus tạo ra sự giản nở động mạch vành, giúp cải thiện sự tuần hoàn động mạch nơi những bệnh nhân bị bệnh tim/ động mạch: Thử nghiệm trên 406 bệnh nhân bị angina pectoris tại Bệnh viện Jilin (Trung Hoa) cho dùng saponins trích từ Tribulus đưa đến kết quả thành công đến 82.3 %: EEG được cải thiện nơi 52.7 % (Pub Med PMID:2364467).

6- Tác dụng tăng khả năng sinh sản:
Các biglycosides loại furostanol cô lập từ dịch chiết bằng alcohol có tác dụng kích thích sự sản xuất tinh trùng và hoạt tính của tế bào Sertoli nơi chuột.Terrestrioside-F làm tăng libido và đáp ứng tình dục nơi chuột đực đồng thời tạo tiềm năng rụng trứng, gia tăng khả năng thụ thai nơi chuột cái ( J Science Research and Plant Medicine in India Số 1-1980).

7- Tác dụng trên chứng rối loạn cường dương:
Protodioscin được cho là có tác dụng cải thiện sự ham muốn tình dục, và gia tăng độ cường dương bằng cách chuyển biến protodioscin thành DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Tuy nhiên, lượng protodioscin trong cây rất biến đổi, khó định được hàm lượng chính xác. (Journal of Andro logy (Số 23-2000).
Một nghiên cứu về tác dụng của Tribulus terrestris trên các tế bào xốp (corpus cavernosum) ở cơ quan sinh dục đã cô lập nơi thỏ, đồng thời xác định cơ chế hoạt tính của cây đã được thực hiện tại Đại học Y Khoa Singapore: Thỏ được cho uống mỗi ngày một lần dịch trích từ Tribulus, liên tục trong 8 tuần, theo những liều lượng khác nhau. Thỏ sau đó bị giết và mô tế bào bộ phận sinh dục được cô lập để lượng định sự đáp ứng với thuốc và với sự kích ứng bằng điện trường. Các phản ứng thư giãn với acetylcholine, nitroglycerin và EFS được so sánh với các thông số kiểm soát: Sự mất hoạt tính trên đáp ứng co rút với noradrenaline và histamine cho thấy prodioscin có tác dụng thật sự trên khả năng cường dương do ở sự gia tăng phóng thích nitric oxide từ tế bào endothelium và tế bào thần kinh nitrergic.(Ann Acad Med Singapore Số 29 (Jan)-2000).
Nghiên cứu kế tiếp, cũng tại ĐH Y Khoa Singapore (Life Science Số 71 tháng 8-2002) đã thử nghiệm Tribulus terrestris trên chuột, chia thành 2 nhóm: nhóm bình thường và nhóm bị thiến, cho dùng Tribulus, đối chứng với Testosterone; các thông số nghiên cứu dựa trên các hoạt động tình dục và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp nơi bộ phận sinh dục như số lượt muốn giao cấu, muốn nhẩy đực, thời gian xuất tinh … Kết quả cho thấy nhóm dùng Tribulus có những gia tăng hoạt động tình dục rõ rệt, riêng nhóm chuột bị thiến có sự gia tăng trọng lượng cúa tuyến nhiếp hộ, và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp.
Những nghiên cứu khác tại ĐH Iowa State, thử nghiệm các sản phẩm phối hợp Tribulus terrestris với Androstenediol, Saw palmetto, Indol-3-Carbinol, Chrysin.. bán trên thị trường như DION, AND-HB.. cho thấy những kết quả như có sự gia tăng nồng độ testosterone tự do nơi nhóm người trên 50 tuổi, đồng thời androstenedione kèm theo trong các sản phẩm không bị ngăn ngừa để chuyển biến thành estradiol và dihydrotesto sterone (J. Am Coll Nutr. Tháng 10-2001).

8- Tác dụng hạ đường trong máu:
Thử nghiệm tại ĐH East China Normal University, Thượng Hải dùng chuột bị tạo bệnh tiểu đường bằng alloxan, cho uống saponins trích từ Tribulus, so sánh với viên phenformin (đối chứng). Kết quả ghi nhận saponins trong Tribulus làm giảm mức glucose trong máu rõ rệt với những tỷ lệ 26.25 % nơi chuột bình thường và 40.67 % nơi chuột bị tiểu đường. Mức triglycerides cũng giảm hạ được 23.35 %. Hoạt tính của SOD cũng gia tăng (PubMed-PMID :12583337).

9- Hoạt tính trên tế bào ung thư:
Các saponins loại steroid của Tribulus đã được thử nghiệm về khả năng kháng sinh và giết tế bào ung thư (Pharmazie July 2002). Các saponins steroid nhóm spirostanol có tác động rất mạnh trên các nấm Candida albicans và Cryptococcus neoformans, và trên các tế bảo ung thư các loại melanoma SK-MEL, carcinoma miệng KB, carcinoma vú BT-549 và carcinoma buồng trứng SK-OV-3..

Tribulus terrestris trong Dược học dân gian:
Tribulus terrestris được sử dụng tại Việt Nam, Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa để trị một số bệnh trong dược học dân gian:
- Tại Ấn Độ: Quả được dùng trong nhiều bệnh như giúp khai vị, chống sưng viêm, điều kinh, kiện vị, bổ, lợi tiểu, sinh sữa, tráng dương, ngoài ra cũng còn dùng trong các bệnh về bàng quang giúp lợi tiểu, trị sạn, sưng gan phong thấp; trị bệnh ngoài da như psoriasis, cùi và ghẻ.
- Tại Việt Nam: Tribulus hay Gai chống được dùng trị đau đầu, đỏ mắt, chảy nhiều nước mắt, phong ngứa, kinh nguyệt không đều, sữa không thông. Dùng quả chín sắc uống để trị kiết lỵ ra máu.
- Tại Trung Hoa: Hoa dùng để trị cùi, Đọt lá trị ghẻ; Quả khô hay sắc để trị đầy hơi, sưng gan, đau mắt, bệnh thận. Hạt có tính trụy thai, trị sán lãi, ho, xuất huyết.

Tribulus terrestris trong Đông Y:
Đông Y cổ truyền sử dụng Tribulus hay Bạch tật lê (Bai-ji-li) từ lâu đời Cây đã được ghi chép trong ‘Thần nông Bản thảo’. Dược liệu là quả thu hái khi chín vào mùa thu tại các vùng Hồ Nam, Hồ Bắc, Sơn Đông, An Huy.. (Nhật dược gọi là byakushitsuri, Korea là paekchillyo).
Vị thuốc được xem là có vị cay, đắng tính ấm; tác dụng vào các kinh mạch thuộc Can và Phế.
Bạch tật lê có những tác dụng:
- Bình Can và ổn định Dương: giúp trị nhức đầu choáng váng, chóng mặt do ở Dương Can ‘thăng’: trong trường hợp này được dùng chung với Cẩu đằng (gou-teng=Uncariae) và Ngưu tất (Niu-xi=Achyranthis Bidentatae).
- Phân tán Phong-Nhiệt và làm sáng mắt: giúp trị mắt sưng, đỏ, chảy nhiều nước mắt. Dùng chung với Cúc hoa (ju-hua=Chrysanthemi Morifolii) và Hạt muồng (Quyết minh tử=jue ming zi).
- Giúp lưu chuyền Khí tại Can: trị đau và cứng nơi sườn hay thiếu sữa do ở Can Khí bị tắc nghẽn. Dùng chung với Thanh bì (qing pi=Citri Reticulatae) và Hương phụ (Cò cú=xiang fu).
- Tán Phong và trị ngứa ngoài da. Dùng với Vỏ ve sầu (Thuyền xác= Chan-tui) và Rể Phòng phong (Fang feng) để trị ngứa.

Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Government of India 1989)
•Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
•Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
•PubMed : www.ncbi.nlm.gov
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việt Nam (Vò văn Chi)
•Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist’s Letter)
•Medicinal Plants of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)

**** khoahoc.baodatviet.vn/Home/KHCN/Nghien-cuu-cay-bach-tat-l… : Nhấp vào link để đọc thêm , rất cảm ơn.
Nghiên cứu cây bạch tật lê làm thuốc
Cập nhật lúc :1:10 AM, 06/08/2012
Chọn được giống bạch tật lê có hàm lượng tribulosin cao là kết quả của đề tài nghiên cứu “điều tra, chọn lọc giống bạch tật lê (Tribullus terrestris) có hàm lượng saponin steroid cao phân bố ở Việt Nam và nhân giống chọn lọc từ hạt”.

Đề tài do Ths. Bùi Đình Thạch, Viện Sinh học nhiệt đới TP. HCM thực hiện.

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**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRTE
**** www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&…
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am…

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404054
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:418-27.
The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments.
Heidari MR, Mehrabani M, Pardakhty A, Khazaeli P, Zahedi MJ, Yakhchali M, Vahedian M.
Source
Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman, P.O. Box 76175-493. Iran. heidarimr@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tribulus terrestris has been used in traditional medicine for relieving rheumatic pain and as an analgesic plant for a long time. In this investigation the analgesic effect of methanolic extract of this plant on male albino mice was evaluated by formalin and tail flick test. Extraction of the fruits of the plant was done by two different methods (suxheletion and percolation) with methanol 80%. The percolated extract was injected intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. The results showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of percolated extract had the highest significant analgesic effect compared to the control group (P < 0.01) in formalin and tail flick test. There is no significant difference in the analgesic effect of suxheleted and percolated extract. The analgesic effect of the extract was lower than morphine, 2.5 mg/kg in both tests, and higher than ASA 300 mg/kg in chronic phase of pain in formalin test (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of animal with naloxone did not change the analgesia induced by the plant extract in both tests, therefore the involvement of opioid receptor in the analgesic effect of this plant was excluded. The results of ulcerogenic studies indicate that the gastric ulcerogenecity of plant extract is lower than the indomethacin in the rat’s stomach. It can therefore be concluded that T. terrestris extract has a suitable analgesic effect and further studies are required to produce a more effective product of this plant to substitute for conventional analgesic drugs.

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Growth
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than 6 mm (a quarter-inch) long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats’ or bulls’ heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.

Etymology
The Greek word, τρίβολος meaning ‘water-chestnut’,[8] translated into Latin as tribulos. The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well

Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[1]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons smeared with the juice of Acokanthera venenata in southern Africa.

Dietary supplement
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT".[citation needed] After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body’s natural testosterone levels.
The extract is claimed to increase the body’s natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its purported muscle-building potential was popularized by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. However, T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[10][11][12] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties[13] – a finding indicating that the anabolic steroid effects of Tribulus terrestris may be more myth than fact.
Some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food

Traditional medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb…"
T. terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian Ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[14] It is also used in Unani, another medical system of India.

Research in animals

T. terrestris has been shown to enhance sexual behavior in an animal model.[15] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and luteinizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples.[citation needed] A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals [16]
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[17] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[18] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[19]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN).[20] In a study with mice, T. terrestris was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate;[citation needed] however, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity, rather than an immediate effect. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement.[21] The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.[citation needed] Also, T. terrestris was shown to have strong inhibitory activity on COX-2.[22] /* Research in animals */ Tribulus terrestris is also a good osmotic diuretic in human and useful in AKD (Acute Kidney Diseases ) and CKD (Chronic Kidney Diseases).[23]–NeeleshAD (talk) 16:33, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Eradication
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.

Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.

Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.

Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser’s location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.

Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[24] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg

**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tribulus+terrestris : Click on link to read more, please.
Habitats
Cultivated Beds;
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Fruit; Leaves.
Edible Uses:

Leaves and young shoots – cooked[144, 177]. A nutritional analysis is available[218]. Fruit – cooked. The unexpanded seed capsules are ground into a powder and made into a bread[2, 144, 177, 179]. A famine food, it is only used when all else fails[2].
Composition
Figures in grams (g) or miligrams (mg) per 100g of food.
Leaves (Fresh weight)
*0 Calories per 100g
*Water : 79.09%
*Protein: 7.22g; Fat: 0g; Carbohydrate: 0g; Fibre: 0g; Ash: 4.6g;
*Minerals – Calcium: 1600mg; Phosphorus: 80mg; Iron: 9.22mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 0mg; Potassium: 0mg; Zinc: 0mg;
*Vitamins – A: 0mg; Thiamine (B1): 0mg; Riboflavin (B2): 0mg; Niacin: 0mg; B6: 0mg; C: 41mg;
*Reference: [ 218]
*Notes:

Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.

Abortifacient; Alterative; Anthelmintic; Aphrodisiac; Carminative; Demulcent; Diuretic; Galactogogue; Infertility; Pectoral.

The seed is abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic[4, 147, 176, 178, 218]. It stimulates blood circulation[147]. A decoction is used in treating impotency in males, nocturnal emissions, gonorrhoea and incontinence of urine[4, 240]. It has also proved effective in treating painful urination, gout and kidney diseases[240]. The plant has shown anticancer activity[218]. The flowers are used in the treatment of leprosy[218]. The stems are used in the treatment of scabious skin diseases and psoriasis[218]. The dried and concocted fruits are used in the treatment of congestion, gas, headache, liver, ophthalmia and stomatitis[218].

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Chris Wilson decided that he just had to get a pipe just before the legal age for buying tobacco and smoking-related tools in the UK is raised to 18 on October 1.

189/365 – Swisher Sweets Nostalgia
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I saw this wrapper on the sidewalk and it quickly reminded me of some of my early smokey days from the 70′s. I came of age in the 70′s and for some reason back then it was legal for minors to purchase cigars but not cigarettes. Me and my buddies would typically acquire a five-pak of Swisher Sweets and hang out in the park smoking and getting a fine ol time. FWIW – I have not smoked these or other tobacco goods given that about 1978. Breathe deep !

Smoking Faerie 2012
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Prophetic Conspirators: Psychedelic Water 27&gt

The mess accumulates and energy swells as adventurous travelers strut toward the promise of a genuinely psychedelic knowledge – an indelible climax to the weekend’s hedonistic foreplay. By midday throngs already amass in the painted streets and shaded byways of the far out little village of Nimbin. Saturday’s brilliantine noonday heat transforms the vibrant subtropical splendour of the verdant landscape into a viridian radiance of enervating humidity. The autumnal atmosphere verges back into the sweaty green steambath situations frequent in the course of the final handful of years’ runaway greenhouse summers.

But untrammeled vigour still imbues the eagerly expectant assembly of freaks, straights, tourists and wannabe contenders with unabated intensity as they mingle and jostle for the year’s finest buds, heads, colas and other much less combustible comestibles. A demi-multitude straggles into town along gravel tracks and bitumen arteries, undeterred by the heat of climate catastrophe or police state shenanigans.

The locals are completely outnumbered. Garbage bins overflow along the crowd-filled footpaths as thousands of camera wielding, quickly food chomping visitors from despoiled lands of drear normality throng and mix, deal and fix, see and be observed beneath banners of the rainbow tribes and the all-seeing eyes of robotic surveillance cams. Spectrum-spanning painted faces stud the baseball capped crowd in chaotic arcs of rainbow colours, a properly laundered shimmering sea of shiny black-and-blue-clad suburbanites.

Why don’t you speak of what you’ve noticed? The shaman muses as he rises from his seat to leave the Oasis. Is it just egotistic concerns more than credibility – or a matter of not speaking of things which do not want to be known?

Numerous of the guests exist beneath a perennial stupor of paranoia in ‘normal’ workaday lives – fearing loss of station or job, marriage or children, afraid of peer or parental disapproval and all the other snares and grasping adhesions of the noxious social glue that holds the hive in which they’re enmeshed with each other – even, specifically, while walking and gawking down the major and nearly only street of World Hippie Central. The alternative-minded but socially camouflaged throng doesn’t however realise that they represent most of the world’s men and women – non-conformists at heart, who all reside under the self-imposed harness of unnecessary fears, weighed down by the pointless guilt so keenly felt by true innocents deprived of normal human requirements, and made to really feel inferior when they seek to satisfy their needs.

All yearn for release from the straightjacket asylum of a barely post-feudal civilisation run by lunatic manage freaks.

The ages-old witch and shaman ride inside us all, suppressed or oppressed or free as a bird and all of us are hankering following a flavour that leads to the taste of other dimensions, fresher views – zestier, a lot more riveting impressions of the sumptuous reality through which we otherwise drift like limbo-bound wraiths and automatons.

Most Mardi Grass revelers couldn’t give a damn about hypocritical, unjust laws and surely know they’re not damaged or damned, but blessed to be out and about in one of the brightest, freest instances and places in all the vast murky realms of human history.

Everyone’s here to celebration and knowledge unseen sights and untried delights hippies, yuppie ‘aspirationals’, dreadlocked Rastas and dreaded ferals, priests, politicians, students, Television crews and reporters and backpacking travellers from all round the globe, shopkeepers, soldiers, massive and little old guys and girls, checkout chicks, attorneys, bureaucrats, proud parents carrying brightly bedecked newborn babes, emigrant Greek fishermen, Indian software writers and contact centre voices, emo Goths – and any person else not interested in being an active element of the subtly feudal friendly fascist police surveillance state of impersonal corporate Massive Brother clones and militant industrialists – and all are looking for the selfsame source of the philosophers, stoned. A broad cross-section is represented, as they say, and just about everyone’s smiling.

Fleecy clouds begin coalescing in the wide open sky’s much more distant margins, blowing apart in this late Interglacial Age’s inexorably increasing winds. The Rainbow Region is multiply blessed with rich soil and Sun, sea breezes and rain, luxuriantly lush and deliriously green even at the end of a historic nationwide mother of all droughts, and for the first time the annual parade will be free of charge of the double-edged benison of rain.

A good year for curing the mull, if you appear on the vibrant side… Could be a great vintage… The shamanic prince’s thoughts flit hither and yon while he makes a sine wave beeline for the wonderful Strangler Fig. The Tree of Life beckons, arching across the market place ground’s outdoor stage as he strides via streams of fossicking punters hovering round myriad stalls and jewellery-strewn blankets. The future’s so vibrant we’ll have to put on shades…

He reaches the Chai Tent and gratefully slides into a mismatched litter of comfy cushions on the hempen expanse of canvas flooring. Every single and every single Mardi Grass, the space beneath the marketplace site’s grand old fig is reserved for the Chai Tent, correct beside the covered stage. The chai’s usually good – if you wait for it to properly brew – gingery and purifying for the partied-out and jaded throng recovering from the pleasant excesses of Friday night.

Following taking a breath Ram’yana rises to inspect a tasty array of homemade natural cakes even though John ladles some brew into a varied menagerie of ceramic cups. Muzza and John are standard fixtures at most alternative events, their friendly bearded familiar faces ever beaming behind fluttering prayer flags and political messages. They aid their most recent batch of eager helpers mix chai, coffee, teas and munchies beneath the generously shady green canopies of tree and marquee.

These days only half the food vendors in the ‘alternative’ township spend any consideration to actual human or environmental health, beyond ubiquitous legal specifications of sanitation, hygiene and the like. Most of what they sell to paying shoppers is toxic crap, just like the stuff most human folk will eat before, in the course of or immediately after reading these words.

But in Nimbin the other half are still wonderfully fastidious and most nearby generate is fairly organic. It is been decades because aerial spraying of Agent Orange was frequent in these parts – in a saleable type with a slightly various brand name, of program, sprayed directly into the waterways and everywhere else when the hippies first arrived one particular a lot more lasting legacy of war’s fine record of ongoing ‘technological advancement’.

In Vietnam the peasants had no thought what was taking place to them, but in Oz and other ‘advanced’ nations they sprayed tetragenic toxic herbicides on their own cropland, water, animals and farming households and newcomer hippies alike. Still do. Even in the ‘developed world’, the peasants are also ignorant or naive to realise that poison is poison is poison, and that all the products of Large Pharma and Huge Oil and Large Brother are noxious, toxic, persistent carcinogens and/or other agents of insidious slow death. Speed kills. So does strychnine, arsenic, Agent Orange, Roundup and irradiated food. So do preservatives, colourings, bleaches, flavours, microwave radiation and most of the other shit floating around in human bloodstreams in the early Third Millennium.

And men and women wonder why they feel stoned all the time, why so many promising lives finish so swiftly.

It’s worth remembering, even if it is unbelievable to most – three quarters of everything you consume, drink, breathe, touch, paint on your self or put on is toxic, carcinogenic and debilitating. In a world where you rely on other people rather of nature, all the crap you acquire is produced for creating income, not for your health. As any individual toxic compound combines with all the other stuff in a ‘modern’ human physique in ever far more chaotic synergy, it’s no surprise almost absolutely everyone in the modern day globe is walking wounded, half asleep, barely right here – function-playing the parts of automata in an industrial nightmare instead of becoming here now. Not to mention residing ridiculously short, painful lives, in continuous fear of the puzzling rebellion of the unknown, unstudied territories of their own bodies and minds.

The only way out is in, to produce an inner place of peace unaffected by the turmoil, the inner sanctuary from which all imagination and creativity and immunity spring – and OUT, moving far away from the worst crap, stuff and nonsense of feudal capitalism, to at least attempt a diverse life in the final remnants of a healthier planet. To bring every single ‘lost’ dream all the way back from the final seed-supply heartlands that still survive, and develop new lives that preserve those heartlands sacred and inviolate. To grow a healthy world with a entire glowing soul. That’s the dream that most pursue or seek or view full on the busy streets of Nimbin.

Right here in the Rainbow Region a generation of brave beings has largely succeeded in their try to alter the planet inside their horizon. The Nimbin Mardi Grass is barely a tenth of a greater green iceberg lurking just out of sight of The Grey Man and his equally hideous hidebound mate, the all-consuming Shopping Bitch. Option notions have evolved into a hidden however subtly influential nation nestled within the recovering rainforest canopy. Its denizens have no need to have to officially secede from the larger notional paradigm of Oz – nothing secedes like achievement.

The Prince of Centraxis makes it possible for a multitude of voices wash more than him by way of the amplified reggae horn section while Celtic harpists operate the crowd from the psychedelic stage “We all have the Buddha and the Troll within”, a bearded man in saffron is saying to a group of escaped students beneath the hemp tarpaulin. “Which do you favor to give rein, and permit to reign by means of you?”

A high-pitched squeak obtrudes from a dozen paces distant “Have you genuinely looked at the shots of the twin towers exploding prior to they fall? Come on, it is a crock of shit…”

“He’s selling ounces for a hundred but we have to be rapid, it is not seedy…”

“Did you see these three girls carrying out it together at the doof?”

“Draw me a mud map and I can find it. Can we camp there, do y’reckon?”

“…working on a flow form whereby the superfine patterning embossed, as it were, on the metal substrate energises the water flowing across it…”

“What sort of metal?”

“…nuclear dump internet site for the rest of the planet because that is the only way we can have nuclear energy plants and vice versa…”

“…but also draws slight but measurable and ultimately usable power from the interaction…”

“…it’s all a tiny unclear if you ask me…”

“It’s all about income – we’ll make a motza from the storage fees – pay off the national debt…”

“You guys don’t don’t forget, do you?”

“I’m going to hear that bloke from Canadia speak – you know, the a single who got the medical exemption that says he can smoke?”

“I and eye don’ have t’worry, bud. Jah Rastafarii!”

“You mean it? How does that function?”

“You noticed Narla? I lost ’er final night at the dance…”

“You imply your little girl?”

“Nah – her mum. Right here – attempt some o’ this…”

“You know they had to let Rusty off all the charges?”

“Why? Since he was picked up by that flying saucer?”

“…the true question is, is scratching an itch or a willed act?”

“Huh?”

“O’ course it is! Yer just don’ notice the instant that it takes f’ yer to make a decision to do it.” It is all also rapidly unless yer pay attention…”

A correct story
By R. Ayana

Continues @ centraxis.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/prophetic-conspirators-… BE Conscious – THIS LINK LEADS TO IMPLICATE &amp XPLICIT Concepts &amp Pictures!

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KNOW WHO YOUR CZARS ARE –ENOUGH TO MAKE YOU SICK —ONLY OBAMA COULD CREATE POSITIONS FOR THESE INCOMPENTENT COMMUNISTS AND SOCIALISTS
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Stunning……

There are very few of us who know just what all the CZAR’s do up in D.C……………..Here is their names and job descriptions…….should be educational to ALL AMERICANS…………no matter what your political agenda……if you resent this list, then get angry at the one who put these characters on the payroll. And not at the one who posted it

OBAMA’S "CZARS"– Read who they are and realize what they want to do.

Richard Holbrooke
AfghanistanCzar
Ultra liberal anti gun former Gov. Of New Mexico. Pro Abortion and legal drug use.

Dissolve the 2nd Amendment

Ed Montgomery
Auto recovery Czar
Black radical anti business activist. Affirmative Action and Job Preference for blacks. Univ of Maryland Business School Dean teaches US business has caused world poverty. ACORN board member. Communist DuBois Club member.

Jeffrey Crowley
AIDS Czar
Radical Homosexual.. A Gay Rights activist. Believes in Gay Marriage and especially, a Special Status for homosexuals only, including complete free health care for gays.

Alan Bersin
Border Czar
The former failed superintendent of San Diego . Ultra Liberal friend of Hilary Clinton. Served as Border Czar under Janet Reno – to keep borders open to illegals without interference from US

David J. Hayes
California Water Czar
Sr. Fellow of radical environmentalist group, "Progress Policy". No training or experience in water management whatsoever.

Ron Bloom
Car Czar
Auto Union worker. Anti business & anti nuclear. Has worked hard to force US auto makers out of business. Sits on the Board of Chrysler which is now Auto Union owned. How did this happen?

Dennis Ross
Central Region Czar
Believes US policy has caused Mid East wars. Obama apologist to the world. Anti gun and completely pro abortion.

Lynn Rosenthal
Domestic Violence Czar
Director of the National Network to End Domestic Violence. Vicious anti male feminist. Supported male castration.Imagine?

Gil Kerlikowske
Drug Czar
devoted lobbyist for every restrictive gun law proposal, Former Chief of Police in Liberal Seattle. Believes no American should own a firearm. Supports legalization of all drugs

Paul Volcker
E conomicCzar
Head of Fed Reserve under Jimmy Carter when US economy nearly failed. Obama appointed head of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board which engineered the Obama economic disaster to US economy. Member of anti business "Progressive Policy" organization

Carol Brower
Energy and Environment Czar
Political Radical Former head of EPA – known for anti-business activism. Strong anti-gun ownership.

Joshua DuBois
Faith Based Czar
Political Black activist-Degree in Black Nationalism. Anti gun ownership lobbyist. WHAT THE HELL DOES A FAITH BASED CZAR DO???????????

Cameron Davis
Great LakesCzar
Chicago radical anti business environmentalist. Blames George Bush for "Poisoning the water that minorities have to drink." No experience or training in water management. Former ACORN Board member (what does that tell us?)

Van Jones
Green Jobs Czar
(since resigned).. Black activist Member of American communist Party and San Francisco Communist Party who said Geo Bush caused the 911 attack and wanted Bush investigated by the World Court for war crimes. Black activist with strong anti-white views.

Daniel Fried
Guantanamo Closure Czar
Human Rights activist for Foreign Terrorists. Believes America has caused the war on terrorism. Believes terrorists have rights above and beyond Americans.

Nancy-Ann DeParle.
Health Czar
Former head of Medicare / Medicaid. Strong Health Care Rationing proponent. She is married to a reporter for The New York Times.

Vivek Kundra
Information Czar
Born in New Delhi , India . Controls all public information, including labels and news releases. Monitors all private Internet emails. (hello?)

Todd Stern
International Climate Czar
Anti business former White House chief of Staff- Strong supportrer of the Kyoto Accord. Pushing hard for Cap and Trade. Blames US business for Global warming. Anti- US business prosperity.

Dennis Blair
Intelligence Czar
Ret. Navy. Stopped US guided missile program as "provocative". Chair of ultra liberal "Council on Foreign Relations" which blames American organizations for regional wars.

George Mitchell
Mideast Peace Czar
Fmr. Sen from Maine Left wing radical. Has said Israel should be split up into "2 or 3 " smaller more manageable plots". (God forbid) A true Anti-nuclear anti-gun & pro homosexual "special rights" advocate

Kenneth Feinberg
Pay Czar
Chief of Staff to TED KENNEDY. Lawyer who got rich off the 911 victims payoffs. (horribly true)

Cass Sunstein
Regulatory Czar
"common gLiberal activist judge believes free speech needs to be limited for the good". Essentially against 1st amendment. Rules against personal freedoms many times -like private gun ownership and right to free speech. This guy has to be run out of Washington!!

John Holdren
Science Czar
Fierce ideological environmentalist, Sierra Club, Anti business activist. Claims US business has caused world poverty. No Science training.

Earl Devaney
Stimulus Accountability Czar
Spent career trying to take guns away from American citizens. Believes in Open Borders to Mexico . Author of statement blaming US gun stores for drug war in Mexico .

J. Scott Gration
Sudan Czar
Native of Democratic Republic of Congo . Believes US does little to help Third World countries. Council of foreign relations, asking for higher US taxes to support United Nations

Herb Allison
TARP Czar
Fannie Mae CEO responsible for the US recession by using real estate mortgages to back up the US stock market. Caused millions of people to lose their life savings.

John Brennan
Terrorism Czar
Anti CIA activist. No training in diplomatic or gov. affairs. Believes Open Borders to Mexico and a dialog with terrorists and has suggested Obama disband US military A TOTAL MORON!!!!!

Aneesh Chopra
Technology Czar
No Technology training. Worked for the Advisory Board Company, a health care think tank for hospitals. Anti doctor activist. Supports Obama Health care Rationing and salaried doctors working exclusively for the Gov. health care plan

Adolfo Carrion Jr..
Urban Affairs Czar
Puerto Rican born Anti American activist and leftist group member in Latin America . Millionaire "slum lord" of the Bronx , NY. Owns many lavish homes and condos which he got from "sweetheart" deals with labor unions. Wants higher taxes on middle class to pay for minority housing and health care

Ashton Carter
Weapons Czar
Leftist. Wants all private weapons in US destroyed. Supports UN ban on firearms ownership in America .. No Other "policy"

Gary Samore
WMD Policy Czar
Former US Communist. Wants US to destroy all WMD unilaterally as a show of good faith. Has no other "policy".

AND HERE’S A LINK THAT EXPLAINS WHY ALL THESE PEOPLE WERE APPOINTED TO THESE POSTS ——–PURE AND SIMPLE
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Dan Fogelberg (1951 – 2007)
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Dan Fogelberg, local boy here (central Illinois) passes away on Beethoven’s birthday. I used to sing Dan’s songs “Face the Fire” and "There’s a Place in the World for a Gambler" when I was learning guitar. “Face the Fire” was his anti-nuclear anthem, after the Three Mile Island accident.

In 1980 I saw Dan up close, playing for 150,000 anti-nuke activists on the capital lawn in Washington DC. He had changed the chorus of “Gambler” into a solar power thing. Everyone was singing along “Let it shine, oh let it shine” with our arms swaying in the air. He kept repeating the chorus and we wereall singing along so that Jimmy Carter could hear us in the White House.

The WHOLE CROWD was swaying back and forth with our arms in the air, and the place was packed like sardines. At the end of the song, people had moved forward towards the stage and we discovered were so tightly together that we couldn’t get our arms back down. We were laughing, couldn’t find a place to bring down one elbow at a time. It was cosmic. Thank you for that moment, Dan! You were a soldier in the environmental army. The Earth will miss ya.

Prostate cancer got Dan at age 56. Prostate is the number one cancer for American men, ahead of colon cancer and lung cancer. It got Zappa in 1993 at age 52, and I started eating healthy salads in his honor. Stan Musial is hanging on with prostate cancer at age 87. They say when younger men get prostate cancer, it is much more virulent.

I heard that the body naturally makes a chemical that protects against prostate cancer, and about 10% of men have a deficiency in that chemical, which puts them at greater risk. This chemical is also found in the cruciferous vegetables; broccoli, radish, and cauliflower. For 14 years now I have been eating what I call a “Zappa Salad” with plenty of radish and cauliflower. I used to add raw broccoli, but I now prefer broccoli steamed with cheese, rather than in my salads.

———————————————-

Here’s the wikipedia bio on Dan…

Daniel "Dan" Grayling Fogelberg (August 13, 1951 – December 16, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, whose music was inspired by sources as diverse as folk, pop, classical, jazz, and bluegrass music.

Dan Fogelberg, the youngest of Lawrence and Margaret (Young) Fogelberg’s three sons, was born in Peoria, Illinois. His father was a high school band director who spent most of his career at Peoria Woodruff High School and Pekin High School, and his mother was a pianist. (His father would later be the inspiration for the song "Leader of the Band".) Using a Mel Bay course book, Dan taught himself to play a Hawaiian slide guitar his grandfather gave to him; he also learned to play the piano. He started his music career at age 14 when he joined his first band, The Clan, which paid homage to The Beatles. His second band was another cover combo, The Coachmen, which, in 1967, released two singles on Ledger Records: "Maybe Time Will Let Me Forget" and "Don’t Want To Lose Her."

After graduating from Woodruff High School in 1969, he studied theater arts and painting at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and began performing as a solo acoustic player in area coffeehouses. There, he was discovered in 1971 by Irving Azoff. Fogelberg and Azoff, who started his music-management career promoting another Illinois act, REO Speedwagon, moved to California to seek their fortunes. Fogelberg became a session musician who played with pop-folk artists like Van Morrison. In 1972, he released his debut album Home Free to lukewarm response. His second effort was much more successful: the 1974 Joe Walsh-produced album Souvenirs and its hit song "Part of the Plan" made him a major star.

Following Souvenirs, Fogelberg released a string of gold and platinum albums Captured Angel in 1975; his masterpiece Nether Lands in 1977 and found commercial success with songs like "The Power of Gold," "The Language of Love," and "Lonely in Love". His 1978 Twin Sons of Different Mothers was the first of two collaborations with jazz flutist Tim Weisberg. 1979′s Phoenix was his most successful with "Longer" which became a wedding standard. The Innocent Age, released in October 1981, reached the peak of critical and popular acclaim. The double album "song cycle" included three of his biggest hits: "Leader of the Band," "Hard To Say," and "Same Old Lang Syne," based on a real-life accidental meeting with a former girlfriend. in 1984 he rocked again with Windows And Walls

In 1985, Fogelberg released High Country Snows. Recorded in Nashville, it showcased his (and some of the industry’s best) talent in the bluegrass genre. Vince Gill, Jerry Douglas, David Grisman, Chris Hillman and Herb Pedersen were among those who contributed to the record. in 1987, a return to rock with Exiles then a tribute to Earth preservation with 1990′s Wild Places and 1991′s live Greetings From The West

River of Souls, released in 1993, was Fogelberg’s last studio album for Sony Records. In 1997, Portrait encompassed his career with four discs, each highlighting a different facet of his music: "Ballads," "Rock and Roll," "Tales and Travels" (which displayed his talents as a narrative songwriter) and "Hits." In 1999, he fulfilled a career-long dream of creating a Christmas album called "First Christmas Morning" and, in 2003, Full Circle showcased a return to the folk-influenced, 1970s soft rock-style of music for which he and other singer-songwriters from his era had gained popular recognition.

A very personal songwriter, Fogelberg also used his music to address social issues, among them peace and Native American concerns. He was particularly outspoken about his commitment to the environment and to finding alternatives to nuclear power. To that end, Fogelberg performed at a number of the Musicians United for Safe Energy "No Nukes" concerts in 1979 and 1980.

His live concerts won acclaim across the nation over the years. Fogelberg said that one of his proudest moments came in 1979 when he played at New York’s Carnegie Hall for an audience that included his mother and father. Most summers, Fogelberg would perform with a full band or in a solo acoustic setting; the differing formats allowed the artist to show the breadth and depth of his talent as a singer, guitarist, pianist and bandleader. In 2002, fans showed their appreciation by choosing Fogelberg to be one of the first 10 inductees into the Performers Hall of Fame at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado.

In May 2004, Dan Fogelberg was diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer. He underwent hormonal therapy and achieved a partial remission, which did not eliminate his cancer, but reduced it and stopped its spread. On August 13, 2005, his 54th birthday, Fogelberg announced the success of his cancer treatments and he thanked fans for their support, but said that he had no immediate plans to return to making music, but was keeping his options open, and enjoying spending time with his wife, musician Jean Fogelberg.

Fogelberg, who, since 1982, lived on Mountain Bird Ranch, 610 acres near Pagosa Springs, Colorado, put the lavishly appointed property up for sale at an asking price of US million.

He lost his battle against cancer on December 16, 2007 at his home in Maine with his wife, Jean, by his side.

* On the September 25, 2006, episode of the NBC show Late Night with Conan O’Brien, O’Brien concluded his discussion of the controversy over Pope Benedict’s public use of a statement by a 14th century Byzantine emperor, and singer Cat Stevens’ reaction to the remarks, with the punchline: "So far, no word yet from Dan Fogelberg. [light laughter, then a pause] He was a singer back in the ’70s."
* Two of his songs have been used in feature films: "There’s a Place in the World for a Gambler" (originally on Souvenirs) can be heard in the 1978 movie FM; and "Times Like These" was used in the 1980 movie Urban Cowboy, a year before it appeared on The Innocent Age.
* In a Bloom County comic strip, the character Lola Granola confesses to having a tattoo of Dan Fogelberg’s face.
* In BASEketball the future owner of "The Beers" refers to Joe Cooper and his generation as fans of Dan Fogelberg.
* Comedian Denis Leary, on his CD "No Cure for Cancer" mentions Dan Fogelberg by saying "Heavy metal bands are on trial because kids commit suicide… Judas Priest on trial because ‘my kid bought the record, and he listened to the lyrics and na na na na na na. Well that’s great! That sets a legal precedent! Does that mean I can sue Dan Fogelberg for making me into a pussy in the mid ’70s? Is that possible? Huh? Huh? Your honor, between him and James Taylor, I didn’t get a blowjob until I was 27 years old!"

Great Weed Buy images

A handful of good weed buy images I found:

Weed Beauty?
56cb9 weed acquire 6732666277 f8553ec5f0 Great Weed Buy images

Image by stewartbaird
Even although this is a nasty weed it does search sort of lovely what do you think?

Off to get some weed killer…

Any comments welcomed comment and I will comply with you back!

From my website at www.stewartbaird.com

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Speak to me by way of my website if you’re interested in higher-resolution versions of any of my pictures.

Invasion: Weeds
f9103 weed get 2479418643 a60a7e65a4 Great Weed Buy images

Image by CaptainKirt™
Reminder to self buy weedkiller.

killing weeds for the raised veg beds
78383 weed acquire 5605561228 3bacc26d04 Great Weed Buy images

Image by Garden Club2011
The cardboard blocks the light, killing the weeds, generating digging much easier.

The black sacks are holding the card down: they are total of leafmold which will be utilised to fill up the raised beds as an alternative of buying topsoil (saving £100 per bed)

Marijuana legalization: States send message, feds aren't listening
The bud stops at your desks, gentlemen. Considering that the vote … We'll most likely get the answers in the subsequent handful of weeks, but meanwhile I have a much better question: When is the federal government going to get the message that the states are so desperately trying …
Read a lot more on Los Angeles Times

MUSIC INTERVIEW: ERIC BURDON
Bud Hornplayer, lots of Americans up close and private. I got my American experience in …. I got a possibility, through a friend of mine down there who became my like bodyguard and tourist guide… she's like… she's a para-legal personal eye sort of …
Read more on Buzzine

Area Earns Higher Dishonor
“I think alcohol is socially acceptable across the entire United States. I'll ask my client when the initial time they drank was and there are several answers – 13, 14, 16, 18. The legal age is 21. Most people drink ahead of they are 21-years-old. It's …
Read a lot more on The Highlander

Teen marijuana use has long-phrase effects

Teen marijuana use has extended-phrase effects
Teen marijuana use has extended-phrase effects. By Linda Williamsukiahdailyjournal.com. Updated: 11/12/2012 07:07:23 PM PST. The Willits News. A rising quantity of reports are concluding that teen and preteen use of marijuana leads to lower intelligence and …
Read more on Ukiah Everyday Journal

Is marijuana undesirable for you?
Already permitted for healthcare use in 18 states, marijuana has just been legalized for recreational use in Colorado and Washington state. But even as pot moves toward mainstream acceptance, queries persist about its extended-phrase effects on the mind and physique.
Read a lot more on The Week Magazine

Is It Okay to Give a Seven-Year-Old Leukemia Patient Healthcare Marijuana?
Jesse Comstock, however, is not so open-minded when it comes to providing the drug to youngsters, and is pretty nervous that his daughter could suffer unfavorable extended-term side effects from the cannabis capsules. With a stirring endorsement for legalizing marijuana …
Read a lot more on Jezebel

Hey, Answerman! Japanese &amp Legalese

Hey, Answerman! Japanese &amp Legalese
I don't actually bear in mind the final time the LA Occasions paid one of their writers to do a brief review on a magical girl show. In truth, I don't assume that's ever occurred. … And yet, it is one particular of the leading-grossing, most well-known and beloved manga and anime …
Read more on Anime News Network

Point Panic Music Festival Arrives Friday
In 1997, the group was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Rap Overall performance with their song “Tha Crossroads” from their album, E 1999 Eternal. Because their … That album, “Misery's End,” has received rave evaluations, and the title song is a single of the …
Read a lot more on Maui Now

No votes however
The NFL mentioned Monday in a statement “Boylston should have stopped the game to initiate an instant replay evaluation&quot and “the result of the play must have been a touchback — not a touchdown — with Carolina gaining possession at the 20 yard-line …
Read far more on TheChronicleHerald.ca

Selig reviewing pending Marlins-Blue Jays deal
ROSEMONT, Ill. (AP) — Bud Selig was on hand when the Miami Marlins played their very first standard-season game in their swanky new ballpark in April. … Selig stated Thursday he is examining the pending blockbuster trade that sends at least three of Miami's …
Read far more on The Associated Press

Story continues below this advertisement

Story continues below this advertisement
Fight Challenging MMA, LLC, has entered into an agreement to get the eighth-mile fast doorslammer series. The principals involved … The DRO staff will be cooking, eating, sleeping and on-line shopping for the rest of the week and won't be in the office on …
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Top Dogs In 9 Indices Reckon 9% To 65% Net Gains
Because January this index showed mixed signals as dividends dropped 14.7% from $ 1k invested in every of the leading ten stocks whilst single share prices for those stocks dropped two%. NYSE International 100 Stocks. The NYSE states,. The NYSE International100 …
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Royal British Legion helps ex-servicemen combat debt
Fry is a single of much more than 35,000 folks who have been assisted by the BMA since 2007, and with this year's Poppy Appeal underway, and Remembrance Sunday tomorrow, the Legion is keen to let the public know that when they purchase a poppy or make a donation, this …
Read far more on The Guardian

Amsterdam

Verify out these legal weed shops pictures:

Amsterdam
659f8 legal weed shops 2420541301 cfb6963f5f Amsterdam

Image by Qaiser18
De Waag, an old castle long since converted to a restaurant. Get pleasure from this night shot of this restaurant.

When in Amsterdam…
e53d3 legal weed shops 4834872285 a73f46ff11 Amsterdam

Image by miss.libertine
Featured on rollingstone.com

www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/bare…

Obtainable for PREORDER now till 11/30… Orders yours just before its too late at shop.fashionbyhe.com
e53d3 legal weed shops 8200710140 f6f597df5c Amsterdam

Image by FashionbyHe
shop.fashionbyhe.com/solution/weed-saint-laurent-bodysuit

Incense shop

A couple of good smoke shop incense photos I identified:

Incense shop
86418 smoke shop incense 5888063891 0fcd29581f Incense shop

Image by J. Paxon Reyes
I assume this was the incense shop. It could have been the perfumers. Lots of different oils and smells, in any case. I smelled &quotpatchouli&quot for the very first time…had only heard that word in song prior to this day.

Photographed at the Colorado Renaissance Festival.

abandoned temple.
86418 smoke shop incense 6810231814 7d7e247541 Incense shop

Image by undreaming
&quotThe ghosts of ancient ecstatic ritual. Ruins covered in roses.&quot a gorgeous rose incense created by my sweet friend, Nicole Resseguie-Snyder(!). check out her handmade-incense shop, Modern day Dryad www.moderndryad.com/

Incense Island – Lighting Setup
0caee smoke shop incense 2402107218 c785d89b92 Incense shop

Image by Mark Emery Photography
Donald’s shop in Gillingham High St is long but narrow, producing the lighting setup a bit of challenge. Immediately after a lot of experimentation I switched the diffuser umbrellas for reflectors and spun the lights around for far more punch. My jacket was hung on a ladder to assist hold light off the backdrop to give the flash lit smoke a lot more contrast. With the shop lights off I went for a longer exposure with flash to get a balance between each the candle’s glow and the smoke trail.

Some cool weed on sale images:

20110507 – yard sale take – - IMG_2996 – glass slab employed as counter extender
0fb7c weed on sale 5843047444 e6bc243f8e 20110507   yard sale take     IMG 2996   glass slab utilised as counter extender

Image by Rev. Xanatos Satanicos Bombasticos (ClintJCL)
Much more counter space! You can never ever have sufficient! I did have to use two bricks as a counterweight (a lot of free bricks in our yard from exactly where the weeds exploded the brick garden walls on our concrete patio).

We not too long ago added a 5th water filter to the water duty station. The point of getting so numerous is that you can fill many gallon jugs in one trip to the kitchen.

And yes, our drying rack is sitting on an old refrigerator shelf. I’d rather the water fall on that than our counter — it’s icky sufficient currently. I had some refrigerator shelves left more than from when I saw a fridge on the curb on the way to my old job, and took its shelves due to the fact 1 of ours is broken (i.e. stuff fell from the shelf, by means of the hole, into the drawer).

In case you happen to be asking yourself why that fork is nailed to the shelf — that is Carolyn’s cat food dispensing fork. No need to have to wash cat-related forks, or mix them with the human forks. that is gross. Mainly, I was excited that the fork had holes in it, and could be hung.

Total recount of this yard sale expedition at clintjcl.wordpress.com/category/hobbies-activities/yard-s… … We got tons of stuff not pictured right here. We spent over 6 hrs, drive over 70 miles, spent nearly on more than 60 products, and got close to worth of stuff!

black glass, counter extender, drying rack, extender, fork, glass slab, shelf, sink, water filters.

kitchen, Clint and Carolyn’s home, Alexandria, Virginia.

Might 7, 2011.

… Read my website at ClintJCL.wordpress.com
… Read Carolyn’s weblog at CarolynCASL.wordpress.com

… Read my yard sale-associated blogposts at clintjcl.wordpress.com/category/yard-sales/

Coolest sprinkler on the block!
0fb7c weed on sale 3619256053 868fde8a73 20110507   yard sale take     IMG 2996   glass slab utilised as counter extender

Image by leedav
I bought a regular sprinkler last week simply because it was on sale and my husband told me we currently had 1 and pulled this cute thing out. It is shaped like the Enterprise and it’s turquoise!

weed for sale on the beach
0fb7c weed on sale 688835853 f532f2c1da 20110507   yard sale take     IMG 2996   glass slab utilised as counter extender

Image by eric haller

Nice Herbal Ecstasy images

Some cool herbal ecstasy pictures:

Andy Ian Kevin David
bdfca herbal ecstasy 209341732 fdf6a9de7f Nice Herbal Ecstasy images

Image by victoriapeckham
The Guinness Monster meets the herbal ecstasy elf

Celebration Van
bdfca herbal ecstasy 221202310 da41c71ea4 Nice Herbal Ecstasy images

Image by Robbi Baba
The NZ government has legalized herbal analogs for ecstasy and lsd, and so on. to attempt to stem the tide of unregulated street drugs. Only issue is: they’re also expensive!

Cool Weed Street Names images

Verify out these weed street names pictures:

Street Artist
3a012 weed street names 7437803282 dbafef4263 Cool Weed Street Names images

Image by joshduffyphoto
Wonderful guy. Never ever got his actual name. He asked my buddy for weed by shouting at him “Hey stoner! Weed?!&quot

60TH 2TREET
3a012 weed street names 17177986 f4450f650d Cool Weed Street Names images

Image by Dystopos
The street name is formed into the concrete sidewalk, but curiously with a backward &quots&quot. I am not sure how that occurred. I would not have even though the letters would be reversible.

Major to Weeds
94965 weed street names 3198283345 107f4c15cc Cool Weed Street Names images

Image by gregwake
Strange name for a street.

Most current Is There Legal Weed News

Legal marijuana: Mistake in the creating?
When I was younger I smoked adequate weed to get absolutely everyone in Shelbyville higher for a week,but in no way drank alcohol because it was legal and you could get it anyplace.The ones of you who feel various are the same ones who stated there would by no means be a …
Read far more on Shelbyville Times-Gazette (weblog)

Is It Legal However? Pictures Display Farming Pot Is Fairly A lot Like Farming Anything
The neighborhood included the expected hippies still left about from the ླྀs, she says, but there were also former dot-com-ers, a lot more modern back-to-the-landers and men and women from a wide variety of backgrounds. They were all united, says Lee, by …
Read much more on Wired

Colorado, Washington Face 'Marijuana Tourism' Status
Though there were sufficient votes final week to get the law passed, the federal government is likely to place every thing they have in obtaining the it reversed. Adults more than 21 residing in both states are allowed to posses tiny amounts of marijuana for personal …
Read much more on Vibe

Medical Marijuana Law Named 'Landlord's Nightmare,' Owners Send Complaint
“You now have marijuana, which is illegal under federal law, in your home, and the federal government has the correct to take away house if there is any considerable connection to marijuana,” stated Schloming. “If that happens, you are tainted …
Read far more on BostInno (weblog)

Daytona Beach leaders draft new ordinance against synthetic marijuana
Below a proposed measure, it would make it a code violation for any individual who sells or displays products that mimic the effects of banned substances like synthetic marijuana. &quotIt's a good 1st step. It's not the resolution by a long shot, but it's a very good …
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Synthetic marijuana nevertheless a dilemma in NH, in spite of new law
The substance comes in packets that contain plant components coated with dangerous psychoactive compounds that mimic THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, according to federal authorities. Side effects of its use incorporate vomiting, elevated heartbeat …
Read much more on The Union Leader

Fall River Board of Well being schedules very first hearing tied to synthetic drug
Police cited the owner, Ibrahim Ghanam, 62, of Cranston, R.I., for possession and distribution of synthetic cannabinoids (marijuana) in violation of the city ordinance banning them as of Aug. … Board member Dr. Daniel Sousa, who sees seriously …
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Where&#39s Willard?

Exactly where's Willard?
When it comes to the presidential election, voters are technically voting for a political celebration's slate of electors, not the candidates themselves, so states let the parties broad discretion in how names seem. Middle names and nicknames are …
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College Football's Top rated 10 Worst Group Nicknames
Some college football programs go by nicknames that are dumbfounding, ill-fitting, comical or all of the above. … The school is entering its 40th year with the “Cardinal” nickname, which started in 1972 right after the prior “Indians” moniker was dropped.
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Operation Warrior: the inside story of the defeat of Daniel Kalaja's large
The family members stayed in the marijuana company and may possibly have stayed off the radar of Queensland authorities except for a single essential development – Kalaja moved from Melbourne to the Gold Coast and branched out into other drugs for the very first time. Ecstasy, speed …
Read a lot more on Adelaide Now

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